first edition. Billings masterminded the planning of Johns Hopkins Hospital and oversaw its construction. "Billings's design incorporated the best of recent European and American hospital experience together with the results of his own innovative ideas, especially in ventilation and heating . . . When completed, the Johns Hopkins Hospital became a model for other new large hospitals in the United States, while Billings's ideas rapidly passed into common currency among hospital organizers and planners" (ANBO).
